Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Neurologic ClinicsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Multiple Sclerosis.Lancet Neurol. 2018; 391: 1622-1636
- Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges.Lancet. 2017; 389: 1336-1346
- Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and clinical presentation.Handb Clin Neurol. 2014; https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52001-2.00011-X
- Long-term follow up of patients with clinically isolated syndromes, relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler. 2003; 9: 260-274
- Disease-modifying treatment in progressive multiple sclerosis.Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2018; 20: 12
- New approaches to the diagnosis, clinical course, and goals of therapy in multiple sclerosis and related disorders.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016; 22: 723-729
- Natural history of multiple sclerosis.Brain. 2006; 129: 606-616
- Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions.Neurology. 2014; 83: 278-286
- Pediatric multiple sclerosis.Neurol Clin. 2018; 36: 135-149
- Pediatric acquired CNS demyelinating syndromes.Neurology. 2016; 87: s67-s73
- The prevalence of MS in the United States.Neurology. 2019; 92 (LP-e1040): e1029
- 2017 McDonald MS diagnostic criteria: Evidence-based revisions.Mult Scler J. 2018; 24: 92-95
- A systematic review of modifiable risk factors in the progression of multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler. 2017; 23: 525-533
- Severe, highly active, or aggressive multiple sclerosis.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016; 22: 761-784
- Poor recovery after the first two attacks of multiple sclerosis is associated with poor outcome five years later.J Neurol Sci. 2010; 292: 52-56
- Multiple Sclerosis.N Engl J Med. 2018; 378: 169-180
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Epstein–Barr virus, multiple sclerosis and other risk factors.Mult Scler J. 2020; 26: 1281-1297
- Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis.Science. 2022; 375: 296-301
- Linking Epstein-Barr virus infection to multiple sclerosis.Nat Rev Immunol. 2022; 7: 41586
- Pediatric demyelination.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016; 22: 897-915
- Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis: a single center study.J Child Neurol. 2018; 33: 98-105
- Paediatric multiple sclerosis and other acute demyelinating diseases.Curr Opin Neurol. 2018; 31: 244-248
- Primary progressive multiple sclerosis in a Russian cohort: relationship with gut bacterial diversity.BMC Microbiol. 2019; 19: 309
- Disease-modifying therapies alter gut microbial composition in MS.Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation. 2018; 6: e517
- Place of birth, age of immigration, and disability in Hispanics with multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015; 4: 25-30
- Assessment of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Volumetric MRI Correlates of Clinical Disability in Multiple Sclerosis: A Preliminary Study.J Neuroimaging. 2021; 31: 115-123
- Multiple sclerosis in a multi-ethnic population in houston, texas: A retrospective analysis.Biomedicines. 2020; 8: 1-11
- MS in self-identified Hispanic/Latino individuals living in the US.Mult Scler J. 2017; 3 (205521731772510)
- Multiple sclerosis in Hispanics: A study of clinical disease expression.Mult Scler J. 2011; 17: 1010-1016
- Socioeconomic status and multiple sclerosis outcome.Nat Rev Neurol. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-0329-3
- Racial and ethnic disparities in treatment response and tolerability in multiple sclerosis: A comparative study.Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021; 56: 103248
- A comparison of brain magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis by race with reference to disability progression.J Neuroinflammation. 2018; 15https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1295-1
- Race, ethnicity, and cognition in persons newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.Neurology. 2020; 94: 1-9
- Race and ethnicity on MS presentation and disease course.Mult Scler J. 2020; : 1-7
- Correlation between EDSS scores and cervical spinal cord atrophy at 3T MRI in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2019.101426
- Inadequacy of Clinical Trial Designs and Data to Control for the Confounding Impact of Race/Ethnicity in Response to Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis.JAMA Neurol. 2014; 71: 943-944
- Full results of the Evidence of Interferon Dose-Response-European North American Comparative Efficacy (EVIDENCE) study: a multicenter, randomized, assessor-blinded comparison of low-dose weekly versus high-dose, high-frequency interferon beta-1a for rela.Clin Ther. 2007; 29: 2031-2048
- The 11-year long-term follow-up study from the randomized BENEFIT CIS trial.Neurology. 2016; 87: 978-987
- The influence of patient demographics, disease characteristics and treatment on brain volume loss in Trial Assessing Injectable Interferon vs FTY720 Oral in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (TRANSFORMS), a phase 3 study of fingolimod in multiple sc.Mult Scler. 2014; 20: 1704-1713
- Long-term safety and efficacy of teriflunomide: Nine-year follow-up of the randomized TEMSO study.Neurology. 2016; 86: 920-930
- The natural history of primary progressive multiple sclerosis.Neurology. 2009; 73: 1996-2002
- Clinically isolated syndromes.Lancet Neurol. 2012; 11: 157-169
- Application of the 2017 Revised McDonald Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis to Patients With a Typical Clinically Isolated Syndrome.JAMA Neurol. 2018; 75: 1392-1398
- Natural Course of Clinically Isolated Syndrome: A Longitudinal Analysis Using a Markov Model.Sci Rep. 2018; 8: 10857
- Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.Ann Neurol. 2001; 50: 121-127
- What’s new in multiple sclerosis?.Ment Heal Clin. 2017; 7: 213-220
- Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria.Lancet Neurol. 2018; 17: 162-173
- Differential diagnosis, clinical features, and prognosis of multiple sclerosis. In: Current clinical neurology: multiple sclerosis. Humana Press Inc, Totowa, NJ2005: 15-53
- Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis.Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6: 903-912
- Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes as a Continuum.Neurol Clin Pract. 2021; 11: 342-351
- Radiologically isolated syndrome or subclinical multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus recommendations.Mult Scler J. 2018; 23: 214-221
- Radiologically isolated syndrome should be treated with disease-modifying therapy – commentary.Mult Scler J. 2017; 23: 1821-1823
- Radiologically isolated syndrome: 5-year risk for an initial clinical event.PLoS One. 2014; 9https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090509
- Neurofilament light chain and oligoclonal bands are prognostic biomarkers in radiologically isolated syndrome.Brain. 2018; 141: 1085-1093
- Radiologically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017; 17: 234-237
- Prediction of a multiple sclerosis diagnosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome using the 2016 MAGNIMS and 2010 McDonald criteria: a retrospective study.Lancet Neurol. 2018; 17: 133-142
- Making the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001; 71 (ii3–ii8)
- Magnetic resonance imaging: The underlying principles.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011; 41: 806-819
- Multiple sclerosis: the role of MR imaging.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006; 27: 1165-1176
- Immune-mediated myelopathies.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018; 24: 497-522
- Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory CNS diseases.Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020; 37: 101452
- Accuracy of diagnostic tests in multiple sclerosis - a systematic review.Acta Neurol Scand. 2011; 124: 151-164
- Neuromyelitis Spectrum Disorders.Mayo Clin Proc. 2017; 92: 663-679
- Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System.Neurol Clin. 2021; 39: 811-828
- Multiple sclerosis and the choroid plexus: emerging concepts of disease immunopathophysiology.Pediatr Neurol. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.08.007
- The pathology of an autoimmune astrocytopathy: lessons learned from neuromyelitis optica.Brain Pathol. 2014; 24: 83-97
- Diagnosis and Treatment of NMO Spectrum Disorder and MOG-Encephalomyelitis.Front Neurol. 2018; 9https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00888
- Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and anti-MOG syndromes.Biomedicines. 2019; 7: 1-24
- Neurological update: MOG antibody disease.J Neurol. 2019; 266: 1280-1286
- MOG-antibody associated demyelinating disease of the CNS: A clinical and pathological study in Chinese Han patients.J Neuroimmunol. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.007
- MRI characteristics of MOG-Ab associated disease in adults: An update.Rev Neurol (Paris). 2021; 177: 39-50
- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: An Update.Arch Neurol. 2005; 62: 1673-1680
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: A long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients.Neurology. 2002; 59: 1224-1231
- A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease.Ann Neurol. 1999; 46: 878-886
- Clinical outcomes of escalation vs early intensive disease-modifying therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis.JAMA Neurol. 2019; 76: 536-541
- Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Neurology. 1993; 43 (LP – 655)
- Established and novel disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis.J Intern Med. 2014; 275: 350-363
- A comparison of the mechanisms of action of interferon beta and glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.Clin Ther. 2002; 24: 1998-2021
- Long-term effect of early treatment with interferon beta-1b after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: 5-year active treatment extension of the phase 3 BENEFIT trial.Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8: 987-997
- Interferons-beta versus glatiramer acetate for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009333.pub3
- Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis.Autoimmun Rev. 2007; 6: 469-475
- Practice guideline recommendations summary: Disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis.Neurology. 2018; 90: 777-788
- Disease modifying therapies in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Autoimmun Rev. 2021; 20: 102826
- Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Anti-CD20 B Cells Depleting Drugs in Multiple Sclerosis.Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021; 49https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.102787
- The changing multiple sclerosis treatment landscape: impact of new drugs and treatment recommendations.Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 74: 663-670
- Multiple sclerosis: current and emerging disease-modifying therapies and treatment strategies.Mayo Clin Proc. 2014; 89: 225-240
- Diroximel Fumarate Demonstrates an Improved Gastrointestinal Tolerability Profile Compared with Dimethyl Fumarate in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Results from the Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III EVOLVE-MS-2 Study.CNS Drugs. 2020; 34: 185-196
- Initiating oral fingolimod treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis.Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2013; 6: 269-275
- Cladribine: Mode of Action and Implications for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011; 34 (Available at:): 28-35
- MRI in multiple sclerosis: what’s inside the toolbox?.Neurotherapeutics. 2007; 4: 602-617
- Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: what works, what does not, and what is needed.Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14: 194-207
- Multiple sclerosis imaging: recent advances.J Neurol. 2013; 260: 929-935
- Ocrelizumab versus Placebo in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.N Engl J Med. 2016; 376: 209-220
- The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy.J Neurol. 2006; 253: 98-108
- Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis.Brain. 2010; 133: 1900-1913
- Early highly effective versus escalation treatment approaches in relapsing multiple sclerosis.Lancet Neurol. 2019; 18: 973-980
- Sequencing of disease-modifying therapies for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: a theoretical approach to optimizing treatment.Curr Med Res Opin. 2018; 34: 1419-1430
- Rethinking multiple sclerosis treatment strategies.Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19: 281-282
- Progressive multiple sclerosis.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016; 22: 785-798
- Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study.Lancet. 2018; 391: 1263-1273
- Efficacy and Safety of Masitinib in Progressive Forms of Multiple Sclerosis.Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation. 2022; 9: e1148
- BTK inhibitors as potential therapies for multiple sclerosis.Lancet Neurol. 2021; 20: 689-691
- Myelin recovery in multiple sclerosis: the challenge of remyelination.Brain Sci. 2013; 3: 1282-1324
- Safety and efficacy of MD1003 (high-dose biotin) in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (SPI2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19: 988-997
- High doses of biotin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: A pilot study.Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015; 4: 159-169
- Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial.Lancet. 2017; 390: 2481-2489
- Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Treatment-Refractory Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: Position Statement from the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019; 25: 845-854
- The potential use of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.Life Sci. 2019; 235: 116830
- Pilot trial of intravenous autologous culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler. 2018; 24: 501-511
- Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis: Current Perspectives.Biomedicines. 2019; 7: 26
- The Role of Astrocytes in Remyelination.Trends Neurosci. 2020; 43: 596-607
- Astrocytes and Microglia as Major Players of Myelin Production in Normal and Pathological Conditions.Front Cell Neurosci. 2020; 14https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.00079
- Metformin attenuated the autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in animal models of multiple sclerosis.J Immunol. 2009; 182: 8005-8014
Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 31, 2022
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
