Complaints about insufficient or nonrestorative sleep are common during childhood
and adolescence. In a survey questionnaire of 332 children 11 to 15 years old, Ipsiroglu
et al [
[1]
] observed that 28% of the subjects complained of snoring, insomnia, or a parasomnia.
In another study of 472 4- to 12-year-old urban and rural children receiving routine
pediatric care, Stein et al [
[2]
] noted a 10.8% prevalence of sleep disorders on a survey questionnaire, but also noted
that less than one half of the parents had discussed the sleep problems with the child's
pediatrician. Childhood sleep disorders can have a significant impact on quality of
life. Many are easily treatable, underscoring the importance of prompt recognition
and appropriate management. This article covers salient aspects childhood sleep-wake
function and common pediatric sleep disorders.To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Neurologic ClinicsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Prevalence of sleep disorders in school children between 11 and 15 years of age (German).Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2001; 113: 235
- Sleep and behavior problems in school-aged children.Pediatrics. 2001; 107: E60
- Adolescent sleep patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days.Sleep. 1998; 21: 871-881
- New insights into the mammalian circadian clock.Sleep. 1996; 19: 641-667
- The slow (<1 Hz) oscillation in reticular thalamic and thalamocortical neurons: scenario of sleep rhythm generation in interacting thalamic and neocortical networks.J Neurosci. 1993; 13: 3284-3299
- The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: diagnostic and coding manual.American Sleep Disorders Association, Rochester (MN)1997
- Genetic syndromes affecting breathing during sleep.in: Lee-Chiong T.L. Sateia M. Carskadon M.A. Sleep medicine. Hanley and Belfus, Philadelphia2002: 305-314
- Sleep apnea syndrome associated with maxillofacial abnormalities.J Laryngol Otol. 1991; 105: 94-100
- Obstructive sleep apnea with Chiari malformation.Thorax. 1995; 50: 690-691
- Sleep in children with neuromuscular disorders.in: Lee-Chiong T.L. Sateia M. Carskadon M.A. Sleep medicine. Hanley and Belfus, Philadelphia2002: 297-304
- Mechanisms of CO2 retention in patients with neuromuscular disease.Chest. 2000; 117: 447-453
- Sleep and neuromuscular disease: frequency of sleep-disordered breathing in a neuromuscular disease clinic population.Neurology. 1996; 47: 1173-1180
- The laboratory assessment of childhood sleep-wake disorders.Am J END Technol. 2002; 42: 73-95
- The laboratory assessment of daytime sleepiness in childhood.J Clin Neurophysiol. 1996; 13: 208-218
- Obstructive sleep apnea in children.Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1996; 3: 23-28
- Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness.Sleep. 1986; 9: 519-524
- The second decade.in: Guillleminault C. Sleeping and waking disorders. indications and techniques. Addison Wesley, Menlo Park (CA)1982: 99-125
- Value of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for the diagnosis of narcolepsy.Sleep. 1997; 20: 620-629
- Objective sleepiness measures in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.Pediatrics. 2001; 108: 693-697
- Sleep and wakefulness in normal pre-adolescents.Sleep. 1989; 12: 299-308
- Level of sleepiness and total sleep time following various time in bed conditions.Sleep. 1993; 16: 226-232
- Experimental sleep fragmentation in normal subjects.Int J Neurosci. 1987; 33: 207-214
- Dose response effects of zopiclone onnight sleep and on night time and day time functioning.Sleep. 1987; 10: 27-34
- Elecrophysiological assessment (the multiple sleep latency test) of the biphasic effects of ethanol inhumans.Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998; 22: 231-235
- Maintenance of wakefulness test: a polysomnographic technique for evaluation of treatment efficacy in patients with excessive somnolence.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1982; 53: 658-661
- The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test. Normative data by age.J Psychosom Res. 2000; 49: 363-365
- Evaluation of treatment with stimulants in narcolepsy.Sleep. 1994; 17: 103-106
- The role of actigraphy in the evaluation of sleep disorders.Sleep. 1995; 18: 288-302
- Sleep architecture and respiratory disturbance in children with obstructive sleep apnea.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 162: 682-686
- Obstructive sleep apnea symptoms: difference between children and adults.Sleep. 2000; 23: S140-S141
- Recognition of sleep-disordered breathing in children.Pediatrics. 1996; 98: 871-882
- Hirschprung's disease, Ondine's curse, and neuroblastoma—manifestations of neurocristopathy.Pediatr Radiol. 1988; 19: 45-49
- Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome associated with multiple ganglioneuromas.Chest. 1989; 96: 423-424
- Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: mutation analysis of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RET).Am J Med Genet. 1996; 63: 603-609
- Epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmstead County, Minnesota.Sleep. 2002; 25: 197-202
- Narcolepsy in children.Sleep. 1994; 17S: 17-20
- Narkolepsie-kataplexie a periodicka hypersomnie se zacatkem v kojeneckem veku.Cs Pediatr. 1986; 41: 324-327
- Narcolepsy in a 12 month old boy.J Child Neurol. 2001; 16: 145-146
- Narcolepsy in a 7 year old.J Pediatr. 1983; 102: 725-727
- Impaired circadian waking arousal in narcolepsy-cataplexy.Sleep Research Online. 1998; 1: 159-165
- Symptomatic narcolepsies.Sleep. 1994; 17: 21-24
- Immune factors in narcolepsy.Sleep. 1986; 9: 143-148
- Complex HLA-DR and DQ interactions confer risk of narcolepsy-cataplexy in three ethnic groups.Am J Hum Genet. 2001; 68: 686-699
- Nocturnal sleep and daytime sleepiness in normal subjects with HLA-DQB1∗0602.Sleep. 1999; 22: 347-352
- HLA DR2 and narcolepsy.Sleep. 1986; 9: 149-152
- Identification and functional analysis of mutations in the hypocretin (orexin) genes of narcoleptic canines.Genome Res. 2001; 11: 531-539
- Systemic administration of hypocretin-1 reduces cataplexy and normalizes sleep and waking durations in narcoleptic dogs.Sleep Research Online. 2000; 3: 23-28
- Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy.Lancet. 2000; 355: 39-40
- Low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin (orexin) and altered energy homeostasis in human narcolepsy.Ann Neurol. 2001; 50: 381-388
- CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin -A) concentrations in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia.J Sleep Res. 2002; 11: 91-93
- Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy.Neuron. 2000; 27: 469-474
- Awakening to the psychopharmacology of sleep and arousal. Novel neurotransmitters and wake-promoting drugs.J Clin Psychiatr. 2002; 63: 467-468
- Evaluation of treatment with stimulants in narcolepsy.Sleep. 1994; 17: 103-106
- Modafinil: a double blind multicentric study.Sleep. 1994; 17S: 107-112
- Practice parameters for treatment of narcolepsy: an update for 2000.Sleep. 2001; 24: 451-466
- A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing the effects of three doses of orally administered sodium oxybate with placebo for the treatment of narcolepsy.Sleep. 2002; 25: 42-49
- Narcolepsy and hypersomnia: review and classification of 642 personally observed cases.Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr. 1976; 119: 31-41
- Idiopathic hypersomnia: a series of 42 patients.Brain. 1997; 120: 1423-1425
- Excessive daytime sleepiness in a 13-year old.Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1996; 3: 170-172
- A developmental perspective on narcolepsy.in: Loughlin G.M. Carroll J.L. Marcus C.L. Sleep and breathing. A developmental approach. Marcel Dekker, New York2000: 347-362
- Further studies on periodic limb movement disorders and restless legs syndrome in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.Mov Disord. 1999; 14: 1000-1007
- Associations between symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, restless legs, and periodic leg movements.Sleep. 2002; 25: 213-218
- Narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and other causes of sleepiness in children.in: Ferber R. Kryger M. Principles and practice of sleep medicine in the child. WB Saunders, Philadelphia1995: 125-134
- Kleine Levin syndrome. An autoimmune hypothesis based on clinical and genetic analyses.Neurology. 2002; 59: 1739-1745
- Delayed sleep phase syndrome. A chronobiological disorder with sleep-onset insomnia.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981; 38: 737-746
- Circadian rhythms and circadian rhythm disorders in children and adolescents.Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2001; 8: 229-240
- The relationship between sleep and epilepsy in children.Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1996; 3: 29-35
- The relationship between sleep and epilepsy.Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2001; 8: 241-250
- EEG abnormalities in children with a first unprovoked seizure.Epilepsia. 1994; 35: 471-476
- Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder in children.Neurology. 1957; 7: 523-530
- Efficacy of sleep deprivation as an activating procedure in epilepsy patients.J Clin Neurophysiol. 1984; 1: 83-101
- Exacerbation of epilepsy by sleep apnea.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997; 63: 808
- Sleep abnormalities in patients with severe cerebral palsy.Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994; 36: 304-311
- Paradoxical sleep and dreaming in the mentally deficient.Acta Neurol Psychiatr Belg. 1966; 66: 116-122
- Sleep disorders in children with neurological disease.in: Loughlin G.M. Carroll J.L. Marcus C.L. Sleep and breathing. a developmental approach. Marcel Dekker, New York2000: 363-383
- Automatic respiratory failure: sleep studies and Leigh's disease.Neurology. 1987; 37: 1876-1878
- Sleep characteristics in children with Down syndrome.J Pediatr. 1999; 134: 755-760
- Sleep and upper airway obstruction in children with achondroplasia.J Pediatr. 1996; 129: 743-749
- Cataplexy in variant forms of Niemann-Pick disease.Ann Neurol. 1982; 12: 284-288
- Parasomnias—an update.Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2001; 8: 251-257
- Nocturnal motor behaviors in children: a video- polysomnographic study.Sleep. 1998; 21: 148
- Sleeping with the hypothalamus: emerging therapeutic targets for sleep disorders.Nat Neurosci. 2002; 5: 1071-1075
- Systemic administration of hypocretin-1 reduces cataplexy and normalizes sleep and waking durations in narcoleptic dogs.Sleep Research Online. 2000; 3: 23-28
Article info
Identification
Copyright
© 2003 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.